People are adopting western civilization very fast and leaving the traditional food pattern at present in India. In this context, the consumption of Dadhi without Ayurvedic principle has also increased. In modern dietetics, Dadhi is promoted for regular use due to its probiotic and nutritive values. Therefore, it is the right time to explore the principles of Ayurveda given for the consumption of Dadhi and the adverse effect of Dadhi consumption without Ayurvedic tenets and their possible explanation. A lot of work has been done on probiotic properties of Dadhi in various modern researches, but the area on the research of Ayurvedic properties is still unexplored. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fulfil this gap of knowledge. The objective of this study is to compile and explore the Ayurvedic properties of Dadhi (Curd) and their possible correlation to health and diseases. This is a narrative (literature) review type of the study. The literature has been collected from various Ayurvedic texts, modern literature, and research articles. Online literature was searched from various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Ayush Research Portal, DHARA, Google Scholar, and Government websites. This literature was arranged systematically to develop insight view on the different aspect of curd consumption, i.e. properties, indications, contraindications, health effects, and rules of consumption. Finally, it can be concluded that Dadhi taken with Ayurvedic tenets is healthy otherwise it may lead to Jwara, Raktapitta, Visarpa, Kushtha, Pandu, Bhrama, etc.

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Twenty-first century is the century of beauty and brain; so as a part of beauty, hair is very important. As hair is considered as a barometer of beauty, each one is over conscious about it and is in search for a better remedy for the maintenance and management of their reflection of beauty. Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder also known as “spot baldness,” which interferes beauty of a person, which can be compared with Indralupta. Since the limitations of modern medicine are obvious, there is the highest need of harmless, effective treatment from alternative medical sciences. The treatment of Indralupta can be divided in two parts – local and systemic. Ayurveda indicates use of Pracchana and Lepa in the treatment. The treatment planned was Pracchana followed by Bibhitaki Lepa. Raktamokshana is the ideal treatment when Dosha is vitiated with Rakta. Pracchana helps in clearing the obstructed Romakupas. The present case study has come out with promising results in Indralupta (alopecia areata) treated by Pracchana and Bibhitaki Lepa. A case of a 41-year-old female patient who presented with the complaint of Indralupta has been treated with Pracchana followed by Bibhitaki Lepa along with internal medicine. There was a significant improvement in symptoms such as decreased patch size and less hair fall. This case study on Pracchana followed by Bibhitaki Lepa shows that Indralupta can be successfully managed by Ayurvedic treatment modalities.

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Shalya Tantra is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda. The main literature of Shalya Tantra (Surgery) is Sushruta Samhita. Bandaging is an important part of trauma management; poor bandaging can compromise the whole process of management that can lead to serious consequences. Correct knowledge of the bandaging principle is very much essential for every member of the surgical team. In Ayurveda fifteen types of Bandhana Karma are mentioned out of them Acharya Sushruta has mentioned fourteen Bandhana Karma (bandaging techniques) along with the indication and contraindication of the bandaging and one Utsangi Bandhana Karma mentioned by Acharya Vagbhatta. In the present study, all the techniques are discussed with their importance and relevance in the modern-day surgical environment. In this review study, all the techniques seem still relatable and every surgical team must follow the principle of bandaging laid by Sushruta.

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The remedies used for the enlargement of penis are existing since ancient. The different forms of related complications are seen in their application. It has been noticed in Ayurveda texts systematically by the name of Shook Dosha along with their management. These groups of diseases are existing in different forms and more or less nearer to modern disorders of penis. The described subject of Shook Dosha is ignored and still untouched in Ayurveda fraternity. On probing the accessible sources, the systematic work on subject is not perceived. We aimed to review the Shook Dosha (disease or complications produced by remedies used for penile enlargement) in Ayurveda. The Shook Doshas of ancient classics are nothing but simply the diseases, produced by remedies used for enlargement of penis. Shook Dosha is produced by the person who tries to increase the size of penis with improper method (local application) which leads to eighteen types of Shookjanya (local application prepared with poisonous drugs or insects) diseases.On reviewing from sources and Ayurveda classics, the systematic description of Shook Dosha disease and its management is available. Currently, these Shook Doshas can be correlated with complications produced from the remedies used for penile enlargement. The subject has a future prospective to generate scientific data for stalwarts of Ayurveda.

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Introduction: Tamaka Shwasa (TS) is mentioned as one of the varieties among five types of Shwasa Roga as a “Swatantra Vyadhi” and has its own etiology, pathology, and management which resembles with bronchial asthma. Asthma affects about 6% of children and 2% of adults in India's 1.31 billion population. In TS, two treatment modalities Shodhana and Shamana have been explained. Hence, an attempt had been made to clinically compare the result of Vamana Karma and Virechana Karma along with the same Shamana drugs, i.e. Shrungyadi Churna with Guduchyadi Kashaya. Methodology: This study was an open comparative clinical trial with sample size 100 patients (50 in each group) for duration of 60 days. The intervention for Group I was Vamana Karma, whereas for Group II was Virechana Karma, followed by Shamana Chikitsa in both groups. Required hematological, radiological and routine examinations, pulmonary function tests, Asthma Control Questionnaire, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, and other parameters were assessed for the clinical evaluation. Results and Discussion: In both group, the parameters such as Asthma Control Questionnaire, SGRQ-C score, Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), Hemoglobin, Total leukocyte count, Eosinophils, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Absolute eosinophil count have shown significant (P < 0.0001) improvement. In comparison to Group I (relief percentage range from 46% to 92.68%), Group II treatment has shown better results in the relief (60%–90%) of all the clinical parameters of Tamaka Swasa (Bronchial asthma). No significant adverse effects have been noted throughout the study. Conclusion: Both Vamana and Virechana along with administration of Shamana drugs have statistically highly significant effect in TS (Bronchial asthma). However, the Virechana shows better relief in clinical symptoms as compared to Vamana.

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Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes but is still underdiagnosed and undertreated. Approximately 50% of patients with diabetes eventually develop neuropathy. The primary aim of the current diabetes management strategies is to achieve tight blood glucose level control. However, intensive blood glucose control alone does not necessarily reduce the risk of developing diabetic vascular complications. The scholars of Ayurveda have studied Prameha in detail. The features such as karapadadaha (burning sensation), cumcumayana (tingling sensation), suptata (numbness) are symptoms seen in prameha either in the prodromal stage, in the actual exhibition stage or in the complication stage, can be identified as Diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The growing side-effects of modern pharmacological agents do not provide an everlasting solution thus being a persuasion to search an amicable solution in Ayurveda for which understanding the disease, its pathogenesis in Ayurvedic perspective will aid in deciding the line of treatment which can replace or complement the conventional therapy.

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The skin of a person is the index of psychosomatic health. Nowadays various types of fungal diseases are on the rampage, Dadru is one of them. Acharya Charaka described Dadru under Kshudra Kushtha, which is characterized by Udagata Mandala (raised patch) associated with Kandu (itching), Raga (redness), and Pidika (eruptions) and is Pitta Kaphaja predominance skin disease. It has a resemblance to fungal dermatophytosis. It is a common infection of the skin and nails caused by fungus. The prevalence rate of superficial mycotic infection worldwide is 20%–25% (World Health Organization). In India, 5 out of 1000 people, suffer from Tinea infections. The recurrence of this disease is common while treating with modern medicines and has side effects too. To overcome adverse consequences, the need arises for natural herbal remedies. This study aimed to explore and review the probable role of Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha and Somraji Taila in the management of Dadru. Ayurveda classics, relevant published research works, and modern literature were used to explore the probable role of selected drugs in the management of Dadru Kushtha. Based on the review, found that both drugs have properties such as Raktaprasadana, Krimighna, Kushthaghna, Kandughna, and Dahaprashamana and beneficial in Rakta Dushti, Twak Vikara and are easily available and cost-effective. Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha and Somraji Taila having Raktashodhaka (blood purifying), Krimighna (antimicrobial), Kandughna (anti-itching) properties, may be useful in the management of Dadru Kushtha (fungal dermatophytosis).

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Background: Ayurveda descriptions of Raktamokshana (bloodletting) by Leech therapy are available and indicated in many skin diseases, raktaj diseases, etc., The Leeches (like Hirudinaria granulosa, Hirudo medicinalis) has blood-sucking habit, found in ponds, lakes, and freshwater bodies. Leeches are invertebrate animals belonging to phylum Annelida of animal kingdom. Leeches offer dual benefit as by sucking the impure blood (bloodletting) from the diseased site and by injecting biological active saliva content in human circulation. The Leech therapy has been in practice at most of the Ayurvedic centers, but there is no known established reliable supplier of Leeches for medical benefits yet known. The increase demand of Leeches and lesser availability forms challenge, especially in extreme weather. Availability of Leeches at treatment centers as and when required is a must in order to help the beneficiary. Basically, it is a research topic and also an innovative idea for Ayurveda scholars. A pioneering effort in the form of pilot work is taken regarding the establishment of Leech farming center. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to initiate Leech cultivation (Leech farming) for continuous availability of leeches in clinical practice and research purposes. It may be helpful to researcher for productive Leech farming. Materials and Methods: On studying the ancient and current relevant literature of Leech, the cultivation started in self-designed protocol and pond. Results: The evidence of Leech cultivation seen in offers environment. Conclusion: The farming of leeches is possible in the given environment. This initial study may inspire fraternity for future research.

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Depression is a common and often underdiagnosed mental disorder. Homeopathy has a major role in the treatment of depressive disorders. Homeopathic treatment takes personality and temperament of the patient into consideration for selection of medicine. As such it believes in the concept of individualization, thereby each patient suffering from depression may require a similimum, different from other patient. Three cases of depressive disorders treated by Nux vomica are presented. All the cases were improved; analysis was done by Hamilton depression rating scale.

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Calculi may form at any level in the urinary tract but mostly arises in the kidney (nephrolithiasis). People suffering from renal calculi entirely depend on the surgery although it is expensive, on the one hand, and may have complications, on the other hand. Hence, there is a need for alternative medicine (Homeopathy), as it avoids surgical intervention, complication, as well as cost-effectiveness. In Homeopathy, the basis of therapy is vital rather than a physiological one, i.e., the vital force must be stimulated to cure the patient, and that only other drug therapy is palliative or suppressive. The aim of the study is to know the efficacy of individualized homeopathic remedy in the dissolution or expulsion of calculus. A 23-year-old male patient came to the outpatient department, presented with pain in the right side of the lumbar region and hypochondrium for 4–5 days with difficulty in urination. Ultrasonography (USG) of the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder revealed two calculi in the right kidney, one at the upper pole (8 mm) and another one at lower pole (12 mm) calyx. Individualized homeopathic medicine Tuberculinum was prescribed in centesimal scale. USG revealed no calculus in the kidney, and serum urea and creatinine levels were found within normal limit. Therefore, it is concluded that constitutional medicine helped the patient in subsiding the pain, dissolution or expulsion of stone, and return of the natural state of the patient.

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Description of 18 types of bhutonmada or grahonmada (psychiatric diseases caused by idiopathic factors) has been documented by Maharshi Vagbhata. Pischacha grahonmada (PG) is one among those 18 types. No works are available on PG till date. The concept of PG and its clinical application is unclear due to the scarcity of published literature on this topic. The aim of the present study is to explore the condition of PG in terms of contemporary psychiatric literature. Ayurvedic literature pertaining to “Pishacha grahonmada” has been collected from major classical Ayurvedic texts and their commentaries. Electronic databases have been searched to find out the relevant psychiatric and/or neuropsychiatric conditions which are similar to PG by using relevant keywords. PG is characterized by clinical features like Aswastha chittam (feeling uneasy), naikatra tishtantam (unable to sit at one place), paridhaavinam (wandering/pacing/running), dayita nritya geeta haasa ucchishta ratim (hypomania or mania like features), madya maamsa ratim (fond of eating meat, alcohol abuse), shunya nivaasa ratim (staying alone/social withdrawal), nirbhartsanaat (threatening others), deena shankita vadanam (depression with suspiciousness), nakhai aatma vapushi likhantam (self-injurious behavior with nails), nashta smriti (memory loss), baddhaabaddha bhaashinam (irrelevant speech), akasmaat rudantam (crying suddenly), dukhaani aavedayamaana (sharing his sorrows to everyone)/dukhaani avedayamaana (unable to feel pain), uddhvasta (nakedness), rooksha deha and swara (rough emaciated body and voice), durgandham/ashuchi (unhygienic), rathya chaila trina aabharanam (gross abnormal behavior), and bahvaashinam (hyperphagia). “Nashta smriti” is the unique symptom of PG and it denotes memory impairment commonly seen in conditions like dementia. The clinical features of PG have shown similarity with “Frontotemporal dementia” associated with malnutrition and/or Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. The present study provides inputs for future research works.

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Vaya (age) plays a significant role in Ayurveda in respect to disease, prognosis, and treatment. Three broad classifications of Vaya according to Ayurveda are Balya Avastha (young age), Madhyama Avastha (middle age), and Jirna Avastha (old age). In Ayurveda, both Shodhana (purification) and Shamana (palliative) Chikitsa (treatment) are indicated in various diseases according to Vaya. An Ayurvedic physician should follow the general rules regarding Panchakarma procedures after the assessment of age. The present article elaborates various Panchakarma procedures according to Vaya in respect of Snehana, Swedana, Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya, and Raktmokshana. Along with the doses of drugs, instrumentation used in Panchakarma according to Vaya is also given special consideration in this article. Ayurveda texts have been studied to collect and compile data regarding the dose of drugs and instrumentation used in various Panchakarma procedures mentioned in relation to Vaya. In Ayurveda, Vaya is an important factor to consider particularly in the case of Panchakarma procedures. Special attention should be given while prescribing Panchakarma procedures to children and in old age. Vaya should be considered as an important parameter where Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa are to be prescribed. There is a need to pay much attention to Vaya where Panchakarma procedures have to be selected, particularly in the case of children and the elderly.

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Crusted scabies or Norwegian scabies, a severe variant of highly contagious scabies, occurs as widespread hyperkeratotic crusted lesions, and hence, the name “crusted scabies” is preferred to the eponym of “Norwegian scabies.” A case of a 27-year-old girl was reported in the Outpatient Department of North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homoeopathy. After thorough case taking and proper repertorisation, mezereum 30C was given as the first prescription. The patient was better and was prescribed placebo for 7 days, and thereafter, appearance of secondary symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and cough had been noticed with no further betterment of skin symptoms. Staphylococcin 200 was used as an intercurrent remedy. After secondary symptoms subsided, again mezereum 30C was given followed by placebo for 1 month, and there was marked improvement. Different stages of the disease were documented and are attached with the detailed case report.

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Manahshila (Realgar, As₂S₃) is a widely utilized drug in Ayurvedic therapeutics since the Samhita period. It is one of the mineral drugs, on few researches have been conducted which cover the area of quality control and safety profile. Therefore, the present work was conducted to review published researches of Manahshila and its containing formulations which related to pharmaceutico–analytical studies and safety concern. Published articles on toxicity studies and pharmacological studies of Manahshila and its formulations were reviewed through various search engines and databases such as Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo, Springer, Omics, Medknow, PubMed, and J gate. Results: A total of 12 published research articles were summarized. Among them, three were on pharmaceutico–analytical study; four on pharmacological study and toxicity study of Manahshila; three on pharmaceutico–analytical study; and two on pharmacological study and toxicity study of Manahshila and formulations containing Manahshila. Above mentioned published researches on Manahshila evidently conclude that Manahshila and its formulations are safe to be used in human to treat different diseases conditions.

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Background: Product labels are considered as clinical instruction manual which plays a vital role in providing information to the prescriber and end-user at a glance. As Ayurvedic drugs fall under the purview of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, a set of quality criteria-based information is required to be displayed on the labels of Ayurvedic product containers marketed in India. Aim and Objective: In the present study, containers of different Ayurvedic products dispensed at Government hospitals and sold at private pharmacies in Bangalore were selected and checked for their compliance with labeling guidelines as mentioned in Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940. Results: Among 150 selected products, 78 products were classical preparations and 72 were proprietary medicines. Among the fourteen criteria derived from labeling guidelines mentioned in drugs and cosmetic act, all the 150 products were following the standard guidelines with respect to the six basic criteria like name and address of the manufacture, net weight of the formulation, batch number, license number, date of manufacture and mentioning of the word Ayurvedic medicine. Conclusion: Even though majority of the labels of Ayurvedic drug containers fulfilled the requirements, a good number of Ayurvedic products are still not in accordance with the regulatory requirements in providing label information. Following a strict compliance in some labeling specifications like providing complete details of ingredient with their net weight in metric system, displaying the caution warning for formulations containing schedule E 1 drugs, providing the expiry date, and citing the reference from authentic texts in case of classical formulations is still lacking.

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The communicable diseases including tuberculosis, HIV, measles, plague, flu, Ebola, and coronaviruses are contagious in nature and mostly caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They generally spread through air, direct contact with contaminated surfaces, body fluids, blood, and respiratory droplets. Recently, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease-2019 as a worldwide pandemic disease. The coronavirus is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome virus that causes respiratory tract infections in humans, birds, and bats. A definite treatment for this disease is not yet available, and the disease is spreading continuously worldwide. It is challenging for healthcare fraternity to restrain its spread. The traditional medical care may be helpful, so it is needed to explore the herbal sources to combat this pandemic situation. Thorough study of Ayurveda literature, Various indications find regarding prevention of communicable diseases. The ancient Ayurveda and traditional care have description of epidemic, along with their management, under the heading Janapadodhwamsa (Mahamari) with their management. Furthermore, categorization of the Aoupasargik Roga/Sankramak Roga indicates the significance attributed to contagious nature of these communicable diseases. Appropriate lifestyle measures such as good personal conduct, balanced nutritious diet, and guided social behavior would complement to prevent the spread of these diseases. This is an attempt to briefly review the role of traditional medical care in preventing the spread of communicable diseases.

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Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first noticed in Wuhan city of China in mid-December, 2019, has stormed health-care system along with the economy across globally. After hitting India in its 2^nd wave causing devasting to human lives is about to hit again in its 3^rd wave reports suggests. Even after putting every effort by the health-care workers, research scientists, microbiologists, and interdisciplinary authorities could not develop a gold standard strategy to contain COVID-19. Ayurveda documented epidemics/pandemics under the context of Janapadodhvamsa (conditions devastate the human settlements). Similarly, infectious diseases have been considered under Sankramika rogas. Pollution of air, water, climate, and environment is responsible for the spread of diseases on such a large scale, resulting in Janapadodhvamsa. Causes of vitiation of air, water, climate, and place along with their characteristics have been enumerated in ancient Ayurvedic classics which result in reasonable damage to the health of the society, ultimately leading to Janapadodhwamsa. Such conditions will manifest in symptoms such as cough, breathlessness, and fever. In Ayurveda, the initial phases of the manifestation can be comparable to Vata-Kaphaja Jwara. Uncontrolled conditions, further vitiate other Doshas and other Rasa, Rakta, and Mamsadi dushyas, thus entering into Sannipataja condition. Lots of drugs in Ayurveda are on the threshold of being identified as a potential treatment in COVID-19 which will be analyzed in this review article and along with other strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic though Ayurveda.

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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is inflammatory arthritis usually occurring in patients with psoriasis. Even though skin disease and joint involvement are linked in PsA, they can occur irrespective of each other. An equivalent entity in Ayurvedic literature, Vatarakta is a disabling illness occurring due to the concurrent aggravation of Vata and Rakta. Its Moolasthana (~primary site) of manifestation is joints of hands and feet. With this article, we aim to develop a clinical approach to PsA on the principles of Vatarakta. Relevant information from authentic texts of Ayurveda and contemporary medical literature is gathered, and facts are analyzed to find similarities and dissimilarities between PsA and Vatarakta's etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, prognosis, and management principles. It was seen that PsA bears similarity to Vatarakta on grounds of etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. The few differences seen are not found to be conceptually contradictory. Concepts of Vatarakta can explain the vascular, dermal, musculoskeletal, and systemic changes seen in PsA. The differential of Asthimajjagata Kushtha, Kushtha Updrava, and Aamvata is mandatory to rule out any diagnostic dilemma. Often the patients with psoriasis and/or PsA have hyperuricemia, which has been long viewed and treated on principles of Vatarakta. Hence, Vatarakta may be seen as an umbrella term for immune-mediated or inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders with dermal and systemic manifestations. Clinically, PsA can be understood and managed on principles of Vatarakta.

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Compendium of Susruta is the real treasure of clinical/surgical/para-surgical information, the more you explore it the more you are going to get. Similarly, a vivid portrayal of surgical positions, which is one of the prerequisites of the operative process, gives an insight into the anatomical and surgical understanding of Susruta. Anonymous positions portrayed during the surgery of hemorrhoids, fistula-in-ano, urology, etc., have remarkable similarities with the modern-day lithotomy position. Positions though described are basic, still cannot be disregarded as they are still commendable in the current era with some modifications. The lithotomy position described by him is still very much in practice, especially for gynecological and anorectal procedures. Hereby, an effort is done to evaluate and appreciate the historical and perennial relevance of the surgical positions described in the compendium of Susruta in current surgical methodology to assess their efficacy under conventional as well as contemporary provisions.

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The pandemic disease of late 2019-2020 is not unknown to anyone. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 or COVID-19 has created havoc globally. Much fast-track research in clinical trial is going on worldwide, but till now, no such successful outcome achieved against this virus. The mutagenic strains of the virus are significantly causing difficulty in understanding the course of the disease and different trials and hypothesis are coming in front. Different preventive aspects of the disease have been discussed and advised by the scientist worldwide. The present review paper aims at focusing on the traditional beliefs of Ayurveda and its role in developing immunity for the prevention of infection by this virus. The role of food, proper sleep, and Yoga in immunomodulation has been discussed in detail in relation to prevention from COVID-19 in specific and seasonal viral diseases in general.

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Background: Gridhrasi is one of the Vataja Nanatmaja diseases which we commonly come across in our clinical practice. A radiating pain starting from the lower back up to the foot is the cardinal feature often associated with stiffness, pricking, and tingling sensation which are very similar to the symptoms of sciatica. Gokshuradi Taila Matravasti is indicated for Gridhrasi in Vangasena Samhita. Aim and Objective: Placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of Gokshuradi Taila Matravasti in the patients of Gridhrasi (sciatica). Materials and Methods: A single-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted with pretest and posttest design where 60 patients suffering from Gridhrasi (sciatica) were selected and randomly allocated into two groups (Group-A and Group-B) after initial screening. The patients of Group-A were treated with Gokshuradi Taila Matravasti and Group-B with rectal administration of specially designed placebo drug for 14 days. Patients were observed for a total follow-up period of 30 days with three stages of assessment on 0, 15^th, and 30^th day. The assessment of results was made by adopting the standard methods of international scoring including pain, neurological deficit, functional ability, functional disability, and also selective signs and symptoms. Statistically significant test for comparison was done by ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results: Statistically significant relief was observed in the patients of Group-A, treated with Gokshuradi Taila Matravasti compared to Group-B (control group) at the end of the study.

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